Saturday, December 24, 2005

Transitional Species in Insect Evolution

In "On the Origin of Species" Charles Darwin listed as one of the gravest objections to his theory the apparent paucity of intermediate or transitional forms, which he attributed (at least in part) to the imperfection of the fossil record. Well over a century later this is still being raised as an objection to evolutionary theory but such objections are increasingly misinformed as a growing number of transitional species, both living and fossil, have been found. Transitional species in the evolution of various vertebrate groups (several of which have a surprisingly good fossil record) have been discussed on the web. Recent molecular studies, combined with some truly exciting fossil discoveries, have illuminated the origins of several major kinds of animals from previously existing groups: tetrapods (4-legged land-dwelling vertebrates) from fish, birds from dinosaurs, and whales from artiodactyls (land-dwelling hoofed mammals with 4 legs) (for more information see the Transitional Vertebrate Fossils FAQ and 29+ Evidences for Macroevolution at Talk Origins). These new discoveries have largely supported hypotheses of evolutionary relationships that were previously based on morphological and other evidence, but provide a much more vivid picture of the evolution of these groups that had previously been largely hypothetical, in many cases providing concrete and compelling fossils of intermediate or transitional species between the major groups.

Similar transitions can be found in invertebrate groups such as insects. Although the origin of insects, the largest group of animals on earth, is still unclear (current evidence suggests they evolved directly from crustaceans) they have left a good fossil record during their subsequent evolution. The evolution of insects is discussed in a recent book titled, appropriately enough, Evolution of the Insects by entomologists David Grimaldi and Michael Engel. If you have any interest in insects and their evolution, this is the book for you. This is a very big and very heavy book, but it is also extremely well-illustrated with both fossils and living insects. The authors present the current state of knowledge of insect evolution as known from morphological, molecular, and fossil evidence. Grimaldi's specialty is fossil insects, particularly those preserved in amber, and the book is abundantly illustrated with diagrams and photographs of fossils, of extinct insects, and of living insects. Detailed phylogenies of all the major groups are presented, with detailed discussion of the evidence upon which those phylogenies are based. The writing is clear and not excessively technical; it should be accessible to anybody with some knowledge of basic biology and/or entomology. One of the most fascinating things I discovered in this book is that current data strongly indicate that several of the distinct, well-defined, and traditionally recognized insect orders have evolved directly from within other existing orders. Examples are Siphonaptera (fleas) from Mecoptera (scorpionflies), true lice (Phthiraptera) from the order containing barklice and booklice (Psocoptera) (with chewing lice providing a transition to sucking lice), and termites (Isoptera) from cockroaches (Blattaria). It is this last transition that I will discuss here.

The differences between cockroaches and termites are dramatic. Cockroaches are more or less omnivorous detritivores and scavengers (as witnessed by the success of several species as household pests) whereas termites eat wood, digesting its cellulose with the aid of symbiotic bacteria and protists. Cockroaches are generally solitary; termites form huge colonies of related individuals founded by a long-lived "queen" and "king". Cockroaches vary little within a species (aside from age and sexual differences); termites have a marked differentiation into winged reproductive and unwinged non-reproductive "castes" (e.g., workers and soldiers). Cockroaches have 2 pairs of wings that are different and are retained through their adult life; termites have 2 pairs of wings that are similar ("isopterous") that are shed after mating. Cockroaches and termites are as well-defined and distinct as any two orders of insects; in colloquial terms they can be considered entirely different kinds of insects. Yet there is now compelling evidence that one of these "kinds"--termites--has evolved directly from the other--cockroaches. This conclusion is both surprising and unsurprising: unsurprising in that termites have always been acknowledged on the basis of internal and external morphology to have some relationship to cockroaches and other orthopteroid orders. What is surprising, beyond the obvious differences between termites and cockroaches, is that termites have evolved from a group within the order Blattaria, and in fact are more closely related to one particular living genus of cockroaches than that genus is to all other cockroaches. In other words, termites ARE cockroaches, albeit highly modified due to their specialized lifestyle that differs from that of their ancestors.

If termites have indeed evolved from cockroaches, then we should expect to find transitional living or fossil termite-like cockroaches and cockroach-like termites. In addition, other lines of evidence should be consistent with this relationships. For example, the derived taxa (termites) should not predate their ancestors (cockroaches) in the fossil record. Moreover, the earliest members of the derived group--that is, the ones closest to the evolutionary divergence--should be the most similar to the ancestral group. Finally, the phylogenetic relationships of their symbiotic bacteria and protists, which are utterly dependent upon their hosts for survival, should be similar to the phylogenetic relationships of their hosts.

Cryptocercus, a termite-like cockroach

While termites have generally been accepted as being related to other "orthopteroid" orders, different hypotheses had argued for their closest relationship being with either cockroaches or mantids. However, on the basis of morphology and other evidence some authors have suggested a particularly close relationship between one termites and a living genus of cockroaches, Cryptercercus. While typical cockroaches in many ways, the nine species of Cryptocercus share numerous characteristics with termites.

Termite-like characteristics of Cryptocercus:

* exhibit social behavior
* live and nest exclusively in dead wood
* eat and digest wood with the aid of endosymbiotic bacteria and protists
* harbor several genera of symbiotic protists found in termites but not other cockroaches
* live long and pair monogamously (most cockroaches short-lived, mate promiscuously)
* provide parental care for nymphs
* nymphs fed by anal secretions of the adults
* symbiotic protists and bacteria passed to nymphs in anal secretions
* nymphs strikingly termite-like in appearance




Cryptocercus punctulatus adult with nymphs (from Origins of Termites)


Mastotermes, a cockroach-like termite

Are there also termites that retain cockroach-like characteristics? Yes. The Australian "giant termite" Mastotermes darwiniensis, which has long been considered one of the most primitive termites, shares several characteristics with cockroaches that are not found in other termites.

Cockroach-like characteristics of Mastotermes:

* large size (other termites are much smaller)
* expanded pronotum ("shield" on the first thoracic segment, reduced in other termites)
* hind wings with an expanded anal fan (absent in other termites)
* ovipositor present (absent in all other termites)
* eggs laid in oothecae (clusters in a membrane-enclosed capsule; other termites lay solitary eggs)
* feet with 5 tarsal segments (all other termites have 4)
* harbor endosymbiotic bacterium Blattabacterium, a genus found in cockroaches but not other termites

Image hosted by Photobucket.com

Mastotermes darwiniensis, a cockroach-like termite (from Evolution of Insects)



Mastotermes darwiniensis, female reproductive after shedding wings (from Tree of Life)



Mastotermes darwiniensis nymphs, workers and soldier (from Termites as Structural Pests)

Evolution of termites from cockroaches

The molecular, morphological, behavioral and endosymbiont data show that the evolution of termites from cockroaches, while seemingly rapid in geological terms, has gone through several stages, with "typical" termite characteristics being acquired stepwise:

Stage 1: primitive roaches with long ovipositors (earliest roach-like fossils);
Stage 2: ovipositor shortened; typical cockroaches (plenty of those still around);
Stage 3: wood-dwelling cockroaches that mate monogamously, care for their nymphs, and can eat and digest wood. (Represented by the living genus Crytocercus);
Stage 4: development of a true social lifestyle with a caste system consisting of a reproductive "queen" and "king" and sexually suppressed nymphs differentiated into non-reproductive workers and soldiers; acquisition of some "typical" termite characteristics (e.g., forewings membranous and wings shed after mating). (Represented by the living genus Mastotermes);
Stage 5: acquisition of more typical termite characteristics (e.g., ovipositor lost, eggs laid singly, hing wings lose their anal fan, all 4 wings "isopterous"); represented by all other living termites.

Note that the genus Cryptocercus can NOT be considered directly ancestral to termites, as it has specializations of its own (e.g., loss of wings). This is to be expected as the lineage leading to Cryptocercus has had a long evolutionary history of its own since it diverged from the common ancestor with termites, and continued to evolve independently after that divergence. However, the termite-like characteristics of Cryptocercus and cockroach-like characteristics of Mastotermes demonstrate that evolution of termites from cockroaches has been relatively gradual, has occurred stepwise by a progressive loss of cockroach characteristics and accumulation of termite characteristics, and has left evidence of this evolution in the surviving descendants of at least two transitional species that occurred along the way.

Fossil record

Grimaldi & Engel place the first appearance of true cockroaches in the fossil record as early Cretaceous, and termites at about the same time. Although appearing at about the same time in the fossil record, the Cretaceous termite fossils belong to the primitive (although still extant) families Mastotermitidae, Hodotermitidae, and Termopsidae. However, the earliest cockroach fossils are already diverse and represent several modern families, suggesting a much earlier origin and evolutionary divergence. This earlier origin is also suggested by "roachoid" fossils that occur from the Carboniferous into the Jurassic. Although it is often claimed that cockroaches first appeared in the Paleozoic era in more or less modern form and have changed little since, these early "roaches", dubbed "roachoids" by Grimaldi, while similar to cockroaches general appearance and sharing many characters with them, differ in having elongate ovipositors more like those found in the closely related order Orthoptera, rather than the reduced ovipositors of cockroaches (and Mastotermes)--in other words, they comprise an entirely different set of transitional species between primitive orthopterans and true cockroaches. Some of these "roachoid" fossils are so roachlike that the difference is little more than semantic, and there can be little doubt that modern cockroaches evolved directly from one of the "roachoid" lineages sometime during the Jurassic. The discovery of trace fossils interpreted as termite nests in the early Jurassic also suggests that the evolution of both true cockroaches and termites may have occurred considerably earlier than the Cretaceous although this is consistent with both the appearance of diverse cockroach and termite body fossils in the early Cretaceous, as well as the occurrence of "roachoid" fossils into the Jurassic.



A Carboniferous "roachoid" (from LARGEST FOSSIL COCKROACH FOUND)


Molecular evidence

Molecular phylogenies have supported morphological and other evidence (e.g., social behavior) in showing that Cryptocercus is more closely related to termites than it is to other cockroaches, and that Mastotermes is primitive with respect to all other termites. An interesting test of the phylogenetic relationships between cockroaches and termites is the phylogenetic relationships of their symbionts. As stated above, there is a strongly suggestive overlap of symbiotic protists and bacteria between cockroaches, Cryptocercus, Mastotermes, and other termites. These bacteria and protists are incapable of living apart from their hosts, and are passed from one generation of hosts to the next via anal secretions. Their utter dependence upon their hosts means that they have evolved in parallel with their hosts, and indeed the molecular phylogenies of the symbionts have proven to almost perfectly parallel the host phylogeny: the symbionts of Mastotermes and other termites are most closely related, are next most closely related to the symbionts of Cryptocercus, and are next most closely related to those of other cockroaches.

Summary

1. Cryptocercus is a cockroach with social characteristics of termites.
2. Cryptocercus shares endosymbionts with termites that are not shared with other cockroaches.
3. Molecular evidence shows that Cryptocercus is more closely related to termites than it is to other cockroaches.
4. Molecular evidence shows that the endosymbionts of Cryptocercus are more closely related to those of termites than to those of other cockroaches.
5. Mastotermes is a termite with numerous morphological characteristics of cockroaches that are not shared with other termites.
6. Mastotermes shares certain endosymbionts with cockroaches that are not found in other termites.
6. Molecular evidence shows that Mastotermes is primitive with respect to other termites.
7. The oldest termite fossils belong to Mastotermitidae and other primitive families.

Creationists might make the typical claim that "Cryptocercus is still just a cockroach, and Mastotermes is just a termite" but this would be a gross oversimplification that conveniently ignores the evidence. It does not address why Cryptocercus has so many termite-like characteristics, and Mastotermes has so many cockroach-like characteristics, when the molecular evidence indicates that Cryptocercus is the closest living relative of termites, that Mastotermes is the most primitive living termite, and even the relationships of their endosymbionts support this relationship. In other words, the data from several different kinds of evidence point toward the conclusion that termites evolved directly from cockroaches. Taken individually these data could be argued or interpreted in different ways; taken together they point to the unavoidable conclusion that, as Grimaldi says in a review of insect evolution, "Termites are highly modified, social, myopic, wood-eating roaches."

References available on the web (in no particular order):

Colony composition, social behavior and some ecological characteristics of the Korean wood-feeding cockroach (Cryptocercus kyebangensis)

Origins of Termites

Termites and trees: a review of recent advances in termite phylogenetics

Evidence from multiple gene sequences indicates that termites evolved from wood-feeding cockroaches

Phylogeny of Mantodea based on molecular data: evolution of a charismatic predator (supports paraphyly of roaches with respect to termites)

Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects

Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond

Evidence for Cocladogenesis Between Diverse Dictyopteran Lineages and Their Intracellular Endosymbionts

Advanced early Jurassic termite (Insecta: Isoptera) nests: evidence from the Clarens Formation in the Tuli Basin, southern Africa.

158 Comments:

Blogger Jay said...

It would be a shame if no one congratulated you on the nice post. I found it fascinating, and a little more interesting that the traditional Christmas eve reading of "The Night Before Christmas".

12/25/2005 12:25 PM  
Blogger Jay said...

Manual trackback... I mentioned your excellent post on my site:

http://www.ocellated.com/2005/12/25/which-would-you-rather-read/

12/25/2005 12:56 PM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

As a high school bio teacher, the more transitional examples laid out neat and understandable to high school students (and some teachers) will ultimatly make our job easier. Thank you for the post and I challenge all other science bloggers to continue. With the lack of money to take kids to the Nat. Hist.Museums, I need all the help I can get; and it will help us all. TY again,

12/25/2005 10:20 PM  
Blogger MrDarwin said...

One of these days I'll figure out how to do trackbacks. In the meantime, this article has been featured on The Panda's Thumb at http://www.pandasthumb.org/archives/2005/12/transitional_sp.html

12/27/2005 4:28 PM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

This was a great post, which I also found via Panda's Thumb.
I had had Evolution of the Insects in my amazon.com "wish list" for some time, prompted in part by a plug from PZ Myers, but you're article--and a gift certificate from a generous sister!--finally pushed me over the edge, and I ordered it!
A couple of non-substantive critiques: I found the white lettering on black background a bit of an eyestrain. Some of your paragraphs needed subdivision into shorter units.
Otherwise, great, and I read every word with relish!

12/28/2005 6:57 PM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

Just one dumb question if I may:

Why aren't there tons of living transitional forms? That is, if humans came from apes, or whatever, why don't we see, now, living, every version in between? If the thing just "above" ape was "better", why can't it still be alive? and why IS the ape still alive? I would think we'd see literally hundreds of living intermediates; and the same with cats, dogs, elephants (everything from the mamoth down) and every other animal on earth. Why so much apparent "stasis", if that's the right term.

I tried to find a link that addressed this question first, but with no success.

Thanks for your reply.
es

1/18/2006 1:01 PM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

I'll hazard a response to es's post...

The vast majority of species that have lived on the Earth are now extinct. Not just "transitional forms" (although they didn't know that they were in transit to anywhere) but "finished products," like trilobites and dinosaurs. Those "living intermediates" you think should be here aren't around because they died out long ago, erased like footprints in the sifting sands of time. Some of these intermediates were kind enough to leave fossils of themselves, though.

Just because something has evolved from something else doesn't make the ancestral form "inferior" or the derived form "superior," in some sort of absolute sense. Just better adapted to the local conditions. For example, people are generally considered more "advanced" than bacteria, but hurricane Katrina changed the environment in New Orleans in way so that people suffered but many bacteria flourished. Although living things are often considered to be "primitive" or "advanced," as far as I'm concerned, if it's around now, it's advanced enough.

Back to termites...I happen to be interested in them at the moment. Even with an obvious transitional form like Mastotermes, things are never as straightforward as they seem. In terms of social structure, Mastotermes is more advanced than members of the family Termopsidae, which form smaller colonies and have a less "rigid" delineation of castes. (For example, Termopsids occasionally form fertile soldiers, whereas the soldiers of all other termites are sterile.) The current idea is that Mastotermes retained much of its ancestral morphology but went on to evolve a more complex social system than that of the original ancestral termites. Things are always messier than they ought to be...

3/15/2006 11:29 PM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

i dont really believe in evolution....i think charles darwin just made things up..there's no such thing as evolution....humans didnt come from apes because there is tremendous or significant difference between us and apes......
there's no way that apes could evolve that dramatically from banana eating animals to sophisticated humans with a capacity to advance...

5/09/2006 5:16 AM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

As a creationist - I am unimpressed - are the termites that live in large - constant temporture regulated - 6 foot nests from cockroaches too and did they have similiar dwellings?

I read this thing and said to myself - what a stretch!

6/27/2006 3:45 PM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

having no real side to this arguement, all i can say to some of you creationists:

Do some reading

Plain and simple. The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection doesn't say humans evolved from apes, only that they had a common ancester somewhere back along the line.

And as far as transitional species goes, while not very read up on the subject, i would think that there really is no such thing. Since evolution is constant, the only reason that "transitional species" exist in that catagory is that it makes sorting species and their evolutionary path easier. If on ever had all the data on a species evolution, most of the "transitional species" would be shown to be purely subjective, barring major mutations (such as changes in the methods of bearing offspring)

7/02/2006 12:44 PM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

An excellent post: comprehensive roundup of cogent factors in a clear and logical presentation.
Creationists seem to have several personality deficiencies among which are:-
1) A biggoted predisposition to handed down *authority* of a 2,000 year old 'world view' (rather like the Taliban's 800 year old world view)
2) A confrontational denial of their own (and others) reasoning capacities.
3) A lack of courage to face the uncertaities of knowledge and its aquisition ie. a pathogenic need for absolutes and certainty in a threateningly uncertain world.

Whilst having a sympathy for their timidity in the face of change, I dispise and abhore their raucous agressiveness of assertions of unreasond righteous certainty.

Regards to all
harry

7/25/2006 1:00 AM  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

Hello!

I found your insightful post while searching for information about "transitional species." I had been told that no examples had been discovered; I find that there are many examples presented on the internet.

One statement in your post does need clarification. Fairly early on it says, "One of the most fascinating things I discovered in this book is that current data strongly indicate that several of the distinct, well-defined, and traditionally recognized insect orders have evolved directly from within other existing orders." Evolution within Orders is one thing, transitional Species is another. Does the book in question deal with species, or orders?

2/07/2007 11:15 AM  
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Blogger 梁爵 said...

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9/07/2020 1:54 PM  
Blogger 梁爵 said...

2020.09.25【酒店小姐】【酒店公關】的基本介紹跟工作內容讓對方主動接近的密技這種酒店小姐具備了極高的專業精神,因為她們意識到酒店酒店上班小姐上班只有趁年輕的時候才能多賺一點,不敢來酒店上班-酒店打工的原因並確實達到店內的業績標準,酒店兼差不是一個複雜的工作環境?時常將薪酬的最高標準銘記在心。反觀,如果你因為酒店小姐給你聯絡方式,感到沾沾自喜,那麼你可能會受到她要求同行或出遊的攻勢,酒店小姐的基本介紹跟工作內容短時間內就賠光自己的積蓄,然後再被她拋棄。斷絕金錢往來,也代表雙方緣分到了盡頭,千萬不要由愛生恨,變成恐怖的跟蹤狂。酒店內是男女偽裝戀愛的舞台,為了要追求專業酒店小姐,客人必須建立一套自己的「虛擬世界」,以對抗店家或酒店小姐的「虛擬世界」,這才是最快速的捷徑。這是因為酒店提供了男性美夢般的環境,男客人也可以反過來給酒店小姐一個美好的夢。若是拚命不斷地去酒店消費,只會被人看作是心術不正的「金主」。店小姐甚至會有兩支手機,一支工作用,一支私人用。專業的小姐與白天也很忙碌的兼職小姐不同,她們看準可能成為「金主」的客人,願意花自己的下班時間來經營關係。為了避免對方要求同行或出遊,你可以偽造某IT企業的公司負責人名片,假裝自己很忙碌的樣子。記得不要對酒店小姐露出色瞇瞇的表情,要讓她看見你紳士般的風采,絕對不要顯露洋洋得意的態度。之所以穿西裝,是因為可以製造「制服效果」。精緻的包包或鞋子不用說了,一定是基本配備,至於會在酒店小姐面前拿出來的皮夾,也必須精心準備。為了取得信任而亮出來給對方看的錢,至少也要十萬日圓的鈔票,把皮夾塞得滿滿的。這樣的小動作,就能讓具備專業的酒店小姐眼神為之一亮。這麼一來,你只要扮演好能夠讓酒店小姐不把你當成「一般客人」、而是有機會發展成朋友或戀人的角色,就能輕鬆實現從下班約會直接升級成上賓館的計畫。回頭來看,你如果頻繁去店裡消費、每月投入二、三十萬日圓,但只要被認定為「一般客人」,是無法成功追求到對方的。你應該要把錢花在自己所扮演的角色上。用這個方式來追求的話,攻陷人氣第一名的酒店小姐有如囊中取物。不過也要提醒一件事,當你隔天見到酒店小姐的素顏時,希望你不會因為好像看到另一個人而嚇得腿都軟了。然後,你可以用穿西裝不打領帶的爽朗姿態,在酒店即將打烊之際走進店裡,高貴地邀請她一起吃飯,「在六本木有家藝人投資的酒吧,是我朋友開的,方便的話要不要一起去呢?」目標是要在她的下班時間成功邀約。

9/25/2020 9:39 AM  
Blogger 梁爵 said...

提供酒店打工
簡單的工作內容,將休閒娛樂變成能賺錢,不需經驗學歷
自由的彈性排班,配合自身的時間狀況彈性安排酒店上班
應徵對象
酒店應徵外型面貌姣好年滿18的女性
服務對象:政商名流.企業老闆
薪資收入基本4小時6000起跳
酒店工作內容陪吃飯.參加PARTY.陪同應酬談生意限制條件
飯局小姐外型門檻較高請親洽面談
飯局女孩工作簡單高薪又輕鬆
工作內容:保持親切笑容,維持良好互動。如:唱唱歌、聊聊天、倒酒小酌、桌面清潔。
酒店兼差時間:營業時間為下午三點至翌日凌晨六點,自選時段上班6~7小時即可,任選二至五天報班。
優渥薪資
時薪800-1000元外加小費,平均月薪10萬以上
兼職一週約領15000~25000元以上
正職一週約領25000~50000元以上
酒店面試:酒店公關、酒店小姐
酒店工作
內容
便服店,禮服店,制服店
唱歌,聊天,玩遊戲,整理桌面,有互動。
酒店公關時間:營業時間下午2:00開始至凌晨7:00,可任選時段。
每天7H為主,可兼職。
酒店薪資部份周領,日領,小費自取月入十萬以上。因人而異喔!
【舒壓會館】
早晚班美容師,無經驗可
工作時間:中午12:00~凌晨5:00
時段任選薪優可日領
聊天小姐
口齒清晰,態度親切,無經驗可
工作時間:中午12:00~晚上7:00
時薪1000元~1300元,每天現領。

【優質女神】
工作內容
保持親切笑容,維持良好互動
如:唱唱歌~聊聊天~倒酒小酌~桌面清潔
上班時間營業時間:晚上10點至隔日早上10點(任選8小時即可)
依本身狀況報班,週休2-4天
量身訂做般的出勤,絶不影響原本的生活
優渥薪資
平均月薪10萬以上
兼職一週約領15000-25000以上
正職一週約領25000-50000以上
八大職缺-種類與坐檯內容(酒店/紓壓會館)

「禮服酒店」:
禮服店較適合無經驗的新人,而且沒有秀舞。
穿著以緞面、合身、開領、無袖的短禮服為佳。
工作內容以包廂氣氛熱絡為主,強調與客人間的互動,如唱歌、喝酒、桌面服務等(我們有專文提到)。
商務客層約占6~7成。不像便服店的條件要求相對較高,也沒有便服店「拚框」的競爭壓力。
「便服酒店」:
便服店的商務客更多,所以公關們都非常自律,會用心投資自己與經營客人,也是各方面要求最高的酒店類型,除了體態、臉蛋高標準外,也講求談吐與手腕,公關彼此競爭激烈,生存難度相對較高,而坐檯模式與禮服店相同。
「制服酒店」:
制服店的消費客層較年輕也多元化,各式各樣的客人都有。
在制服店雖然不需要亮麗的外表,但公關們妝感比較濃厚,制服以性感兩截式爲主,包廂服務強調主動與炒熱氣氛,客人作風比較親切、直接。
「紓壓會館」:
與酒店不同的是,舒壓會館都是「一對一」在包廂內幫客人按摩。
因特有「預約制」,所以每位「舒療師」會培養自己的特色來增加客源。
另一優點是【不用喝酒、上班時段彈性、早班客源充足】等,在上班20天的情況下,不包括小費,基本薪資大約都在15萬以上。
服裝儀容
專業設計師打造彩妝、美髮造型,著風格時尚禮服。

3/08/2022 6:55 AM  
Blogger 梁爵 said...

《華燈初上》第三季播出後,不僅揭開兇手之謎,再次掀起全民追劇熱潮,也讓觀眾們更加了解燈紅酒綠的酒店打工條通文化,YouTube頻道「酒店經紀劇場」幕後製作人梁曉尊指出,男人到了酒店容易把女人看成滿足自己的工具,客人與小姐的關係總處在愛情跟交易的模糊地帶,為此,他特地走訪台北條通一家日式酒店,探訪酒店小姐的內心,以及入行的規定,讓大眾更加了解日式酒店與台式酒店的差異。日式酒店小姐Lena與Asuka指出,日式酒店與台式酒店工作差異很大,日式酒店小姐規矩嚴謹,不只要會講一些日文,坐姿與禮儀有規定,更嚴禁與客人有任何性交易發生,因為日本客人的圈子很小,一旦發生什麼事,馬上就會被傳開,會嚴重影響店家與小姐聲譽。酒店公關Asuka也透露,因為酒店上班陪客人聊天時,必須要給對方有戀愛感,曾有一名客人真的愛上她,還直接在店裡下跪求婚,讓她相當尷尬,最後只好以喝醉的理由裝傻帶過,坦言「真的會讓對方誤會兩人在交往」,而她事後也調整自己的對話方式,避免再讓客人產生兩人在交往的錯覺。影片經公開後,引發網友熱烈討論,「作為女生看完覺得非常佩服」、「有文化的酒店打工感覺真好」、「非常讚,我又認識這個世界多一點了」、「那麼漂亮、又會傾聽,交談又配著酒...男人會誤會應該挺正常的吧?」、「跟台式酒店比起來,日式酒店真的很好...」。武漢肺炎(新型冠狀病毒病,COVID-19)疫情出現升溫跡象,今(27日)新增83例本土及120例境外移入個案,創下近期新高。中央流行疫情指揮中心指揮官陳時中今(27日)宣布,考量特定娛樂場所較易有傳播風險,即日起民眾前往「歌廳、舞廳、夜總會、俱樂部、酒家、酒吧、酒店(廊)、理容院(觀光理髮、視聽理容)及特種咖啡茶室、夜店、舞場、三溫暖」等場所,應配合出示完整接種3劑COVID-19疫苗證明,上述場域酒店上班工作人員除了有疫苗接種規定,即日起至4月30日每週也要做1次快篩,陰性者才可提供服務。陳時中今天宣布特定娛樂場所防治作為,針對顧客部分,進入上述場所顧客,酒店小姐應提供至少接種3劑疫苗證明,並落實實聯制,如有呼吸道症狀或出現發燒者,均不得進入。對於特定娛樂場所的工作人員、從業人員(酒店應徵含流動工作人士)方面,陳時中說,皆應接種疫苗2劑且滿14天,如第2劑滿3個月者,應接種第3劑,否則不得提供服務,此外,即日起至4月30日須每週進行1次快篩,陰性者始得提供服務。陳時中也說,針對基隆停業中的小吃店、卡拉OK工作人員、從業人員,如復業後,應具3天內PCR陰性證明,並於復業2週內每2天進行快篩,每週進行PCR1次。特定場所也要盤點相關從業人員(含服務人員、櫃人員、清潔人員、行政人員及流動工作人士等),進行造冊,並訂定健康監測計畫及有異常狀況時追蹤處理機制。台北市大安分局警方在昨天(28日)深夜至今天(29日)凌晨,針對八大行業進行臨檢,逐一檢查酒店兼差酒店小姐及酒客小黃卡,並督促業者配合落實防疫規定。警方在現場逐一檢查消費民眾及工作人員有無確實依規定接種第三劑疫苗之證明,並檢查實聯制執行情形,警方查到9名從業人員未施打第三劑疫苗,但規定4月1日才開始生效,故均當場予勸導,並要求業者本項規定實施前儘速改善。

3/29/2022 12:07 PM  

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